Gerald E. Loeb, M.D.

Professor of Biomedical Engineering

Deputy Director of the BMES ERC Neural prosthetics, neurophysiology and computer modeling of sensory-motor control systems.

Office: DRB B10
Phone: (213) 821-1112
Fax: (213) 821-1120
Email: mailto:gloeb@usc.edu
MDDE Webpage
BMES ERC Webpage

All Articles

Kaliki, R.R., Davoodi, R. and Loeb, G.E.  Prediction of Distal Arm Posture in 3-D Space From Shoulder Movements for Control of Upper Limb Prostheses.  Proceedings  of the IEEE, 96(7):1217-1225, 2008.

Cheng, E.J. and Loeb, G.E.  On the use of musculoskeletal models to interpret motor control strategies from performance data.  Journal Neural Engineering 5:232-253, 2008. 

Song, D., Raphael, G., Lan, N. and Loeb, G.E.  Computational Efficient Models of Neuromuscular Recruitment and Mechanics.  Journal of Neural Engineering 5:175-184, 2008. 

Liao, K-C, Hogen-Esch, T., Richmond, F.J., Marcu, L.R., Clifton, W. and Loeb, G.E.  Percutaneous Fiber-optic Sensor for Chronic Glucose Monitoring in vivo.  Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 23:1458-1465, 2008.  

Song, D., Lan, N., Loeb, G.E. and Gordon, J. Model-Based Integration for Multi-Joint Control: Development of a Virtual Arm Model, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 36(6):1033-1048, 2008.  

Zou, Q., Tan, W., Kim, E.S., Loeb, G.E. Single- and Triaxis Piezoelectric-Bimorph Accelerometers. J. of Microelectromechanical Systems, 17(1):45-57, 2008.

Loeb, G.E. and Wills, J.  General-Purpose Technology for a General-Purpose Nervous System. ISCAS Conference 2008. 

Loeb, G.E., Peck, R.A., Singh, J., Kim, Y., Deshpande, S., Baker, L.L. and Bryant, J.T.  Mechanical Loading of Rigid Intramuscular Implants.  Biomedical Microdevices, 9(6):901-910, 2007. 

Hauschild, M., Davoodi, R. and Loeb, G.E. A Virtual Reality Environment for Designing and Fitting Neural Prosthetic Limbs. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 15(1):9-15, 2007. 

Davoodi, R., Urata, C., Hauschild, M., Khachani, M., Loeb, G.E.  Model-Based Development of Neural prostheses for Movement. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 54(11):1909-1918, 2007. 

Wettels, N., Popovic, D., Santos, V.J., Johannson, R.S., Loeb, G.E.  Biomimetic tactile sensor for control of grip.  International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics 2007, Nordweijk an Zee, the Netherlands, June 12-15, 2007.

Wettels, N., Popovic, D., Loeb, G.E.  Biomimetic tactile sensor.  Proceedings of BioMed2007, 2nd Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference, Irvine, California, June 7-8, 2007.

Tan, W. and Loeb, G.E. Feasibility of prosthetic posture sensing via injectable electronic modules.  IEEE Trans. Neural Systems & Rehab. Engng., 15(2):295-309, 2007. 

Sachs, N.A. and Loeb, G.E. Development of a BIONic muscle spindle for prosthetic proprioception.  IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 54(6):1031-1041, 2007. 

Rodriguez, N., Weissberg, J., and Loeb, G.E. Flexible communication and control protocal for injectable nuromuscular interfaces. IEEE Transcations on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 1(1):19-27, March 2007.

Loeb, G.E., Singh, J., Allen, J.G., Raphael, G., Buckley, P., Blanco, C., Richmond, F.J.R. and Salter, G.D.V.  A Document Navigation System for the Paperwork Jungle, MD&DI, p. 110-119, August 2006, http://www.devicelink.com/mddi/archive/06/08/008.html 

Loeb,G.E., Richmond,F.J. and Baker,L.L. The BION devices: injectable interfaces with peripheral nerves and muscles. Neurosurg. Focus, 20(5):E2, 2006.

Loeb, G.E. Are cochlear implant patients suffering from perceptual dissonance? Ear & Hearing, 26(5): 435-450, 2005.

Dupont, A.C., Bagg, S.D., Creasy, J.L., Romano, C. Romano, D., Richmond, F.J.R. and Loeb, G.E. First clinical experience with BION® implants for therapeutic electrical stimulation. Neuromodulation, 7:38-47, 2004.

Liao,K.C., Hogen-Esch,T.E., Richmond,F.J., Marcu,L. and Loeb,G.E. Sencil™ Project: Development of a percutaneous optical biosensor. Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, San Francisco, 2082-2085, 2004.

Weber D.J., Stein R.B., Chan K.M., Loeb G.E., Richmond F.J., Rolf R., James K., Chong S.L., Thompson A.K., and Misiaszek J. Functional electrical stimulation using microstimulators to correct foot drop: a case study. Canadian Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology, 82:784-92, 2004.

Davoodi R, Brown, I.E. and Loeb, G.E. Advanced modeling environment for developing and testing FES control systems. Med Engng& Physics, 25:3-9, 2003.

Dupont Salter, A.-C., Richmond, F.J.R. and Loeb, G.E. Effects of muscle immobilization at different lengths on tetrodotoxin-induced disuse atrophy. IEEE Trans. Neural Sys. Rehab. Engng, 11:209-217, 2003.

Dupont Salter, A.-C., Richmond, F.J.R. and Loeb, G.E. Prevention of muscle disuse atrophy by low-frequency electrical stimulation in rats. IEEE Trans. Neural Sys. Rehab. Engng, 11:218-226, 2003.

Loeb, G.E. and Richmond, F.J.R. Making Design Controls Useful for Research and Development. Medical Device and Diagnostic Industry, 25(4):63-68, April, 2003.

Davoodi, R. and Loeb, G.E. A Software Tool for Faster Development of Complex Models of Musculoskeletal Systems and Sensorimotor Controllers in Simulink. J. Appl. Biomech., 18:357-365, 2002.

Loeb, G.E., Brown, I.E., Lan, N. and Davoodi, R. The importance of biomechanics. Adv. Exper. Med. Biol., 508: 481-487, 2002.

Loeb, G.E. and Richmond, F.J.R.  BION implants for therapeutic and functional electrical stimulation.  Neural Prostheses for Restoration of Sensory and Motor Function, Chapter 3, p. 75-99, 2001.

Corneil, B.D., Olivier, E., Richmond, F.J.R., Loeb, G.E. and Munoz, D.P. Neck muscles in the rhesus monkey. II. Electromyographic patterns of activation underlying postures and movements. J. Neurophysiol, 86:1729-1749, 2001.

Dupont, A.-C., Sauerbrei, E. E., Fenton, P. V., Shragge, P. C., Loeb, G. E. and Richmond, F. J. R. Real-Time Sonography to Estimate Muscle Thickness: Comparison with MRI and CT. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound, 23(4):230-236, 2001.

Loeb, G. E., Peck, R. A., Moore, W. H. and Hood, K. BION™ system for distributed neural prosthetic interfaces. Medical Engineering and Physics, 23:9-18, 2001.

Loeb, G.E. Learning From the Spinal Cord. J. Physiol. (London), 533:111-117, 2001.

Brown, I.E. and Loeb, G.E.  A reductionist approach to creating and using neuromusculoskeletal models.  Chapter in:  Biomechanics and Neuro-Control of Posture and Movement, (Eds.) J. Winters and P. Crago, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2000, pp 148-163. 

Brown, I.E. and Loeb, G.E. Measured and modeled properties of mammalian skeletal muscle: III. The effects of stimulus frequency on stretch-induced force enhancement and shortening-induced force depression. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motility, 21:21-31, 2000.

Brown, I.E. and Loeb, G.E. Measured and modeled properties of mammalian skeletal muscle: IV. The dynamics of activation and deactivation. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motility, 21:33-47, 2000.

Cheng, E., Brown, I.E. and Loeb, G.E. Virtual Muscle: A computational approach to understanding the effects of muscle properties on motor control. J. Neurosci. Methods, 101:117-130, 2000.

Loeb, G.E., Overcomplete Musculature or Underspecified Tasks? Motor Control, 4:81-83, 2000.

Prochazka, A., Wolpaw, J.R., Clarac, F., Loeb, G.E. and Rothwell, J.C. What do reflex and voluntary mean? Modern views on an ancient debate. Exp. Brain Res., 130:417-432, 2000.

Singh, K., Richmond, F.J.R. and Loeb, G.E. Recruitment properties of intramuscular and nerve-trunk stimulating electrodes. IEEE-Trans. Rehab. Engng., 8(3):276-285, 2000.

Brown, I.E. and Loeb, G.E. Measured and modeled properties of mammalian skeletal muscle: I. The effects of post-activation potentiation on the time-course and velocity dependencies of force production. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motility, 20:443-456, 1999.

Brown, I.E., Cheng, E.J. and Loeb, G.E. Measured and modeled properties of mammalian skeletal muscle: II. The effects of stimulus frequency on force-length and force-velocity relationships. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motility, 20:627-643, 1999.

Loeb, G.E. and Richmond, F.J.R. FES or TES: How to start an industry? Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference of the International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society, Sendai, Japan, 169-172, 1999.

Loeb, G.E. Asymmetry of hindlimb muscle activity and cutaneous reflexes after tendon transfers in kittens. J. Neurophysiol., 82:3392-3405, 1999.

Loeb, G.E, Brown, I.E and Cheng, E. A hierarchical foundation for models of sensorimotor control. Exp. Brain Res., 126: 1-18, 1999.

Brown, I.E., Kim, D.H. and Loeb, G.E. The effect of sarcomere length on triad location in intact feline caudofemoralis muscle fibers. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motility, 19:473-477, 1998.

Brown, I.E., Satoda, T., Richmond, F.J.R. and Loeb, G.E. Feline caudofemoralis muscle: Muscle fiber properties, architecture and motor innervation. Exp. Brain Res., 121:76-91, 1998.

Brown, I.E. and Loeb, G.E. Post-activation potentiation - a clue for simplifying models of muscle dynamics. Amer. Zool., 38:743-754, 1998.

Cameron, T., Richmond, F.J.R. and Loeb, G.E. Effects of regional stimulation using a miniature stimulator implanted in feline posterior biceps femoris. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engng., 45:1036-1043, 1998.

Cameron, T., Liinamaa, T.L., Loeb, G.E. and Richmond, F.J.R. Long-term biocompatibility of a miniature stimulator implanted in feline hind limb muscles. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engng., 45:1024-1035, 1998.

Wilson, B.S., Rebscher, S., Zeng, F.-G., Shannon, R.V., Loeb, G.E. and Lawson, D.T. Design for an inexpensive but effective cochlear implant. Otolaryngol.-Head & Neck Surg., 118:235-241, 1998.

Cameron, T., Loeb, G.E., Peck, R.A., Schulman, J.H., Strojnik, P. and Troyk, P.R. Micromodular implants to provide electrical stimulation of paralyzed muscles and limbs. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engng., 44:781-790, 1997.

Loeb, G.E. Speech-processing strategies designed for children. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 117(3): 170-173, 1997. 

Brown, I.E., Scott, S.H. and Loeb, G.E. Mechanics of feline soleus: II. Design and validation of a mathematical model. J. Muscle Research and Cell Motility, 17:221-233, 1996.

Brown, I.E., Liinamaa, T.L. and Loeb, G.E. Relationships between range of motion, Lo and passive force in five strap-like muscles of the feline hindlimb. J. Morph., 230:69-77, 1996.

Loeb, G.E. and Peck, R.A. Cuff electrodes for chronic stimulation and recording of peripheral nerve activity. J. Neurosci. Meth., 64:95-103, 1996.

Loeb, G.E., Brown, I.E. and Scott, S.H. Directional Motor Control. Trends in Neurosci., 19:137-138, 1996.

Scott, S.H., Brown, I.E. and Loeb, G.E. Mechanics of feline soleus: I. Effect of fascicle length and velocity on force output. J. Muscle Research and Cell Motility, 17:205-218, 1996.

Thomson, D.B., Loeb, G.E. and Richmond, F.J.R. Effect of neck posture on patterns of feline neck muscles: Compensatory head movements during horizontal whole-body rotation. Exp. Brain Res., 10:392-400, 1996.

Kessler, D.K., Loeb, G.E., Barker, M.S. Distribution of speech recognition results with the Clarion cochlear prosthesis. Otol., Rhinol. & Laryngol. Suppl., 166:283-285, 1995.

Loeb, G.E., Peck, R.A. and Smith, D.W. Microminiature molding techniques for cochlear electrode arrays. J. Neurosci. Meth., 63:85-92, 1995.

Loeb, G.E. and Kessler, D.K. Speech recognition performance over time with the Clarion cochlear prosthesis. Otol., Rhinol. & Laryngol. Suppl., 166:290-292, 1995.

Loeb, G.E., Peck, R.A. and Martyniuk, J. Toward the ultimate metal microelectrode. J. Neurosci. Meth., 63:175-183, 1995.

Loeb, G.E. What can we expect from models of motor control? Behav. & Brain Sci., 18(4):767-768, 1995.

Ruddy, H.A. and Loeb, G.E. The influence of materials and geometry on fields produced by cochlear electrode arrays. Med. & Biol. Engng. & Comput., 33:793-801, 1995.

Scott, S.H. and Loeb, G.E. Mechanical properties of the aponeurosis and tendon of the cat soleus muscle during whole-muscle isometric contractions. J. Morph., 224:73-86, 1995.

Martyniuk, J., Corbett, S., and Loeb, G.E. Innovative Laser Systems for Ultraviolet Laser-Based Micromachining. Med. Dev. & Diag. Industry, pp. 110-121, October, 1994.

Scott, S.H. and Loeb, G.E. The computation of position sense from spindles in mono-and multiarticular muscles. J. Neurosci., 14:7529-7540, 1994.

Thomson, D.B., Loeb, G.E. and Richmond, F.J.R. Effect of neck posture on the activation of feline neck muscles during voluntary head turns. J. Neurophysiol., 72:2004-2014, 1994.

Abrahams, V.C., Kori, A., Loeb, G.E., Richmond, F.J.R., Rose, P.K. and Kierstead, S.A. Facial input to neck motoneurons: Trigemino-cervical reflexes in the conscious and anaesthetised cat. Exp. Brain Res., 97:23-30, 1993.

Blaszczyk, J. and Loeb, G.E. Why cats pace on the treadmill. Physiol. & Behav., 53:501-507, 1993.

Loeb, G.E. The distal hindlimb musculature of the cat: Interanimal variability of locomotor activity and cutaneous reflexes. Exp. Brain Res., 96:125-140, 1993.

Scott, S.H., Engstrom C.M. and Loeb, G.E. Morphometry of human thigh muscles. Determination of fascicle architecture from magnetic resonance imaging. J. Anat., 182:249-257, 1993.

Young, R.P., Scott, S.H. and Loeb, G.E. The distal hindlimb musculature of the cat: Multiaxis moment arms at the ankle joint. Exp. Brain Res., 96:141-151, 1993.

Heckman, C.J., Weytjens, J.L.F. and Loeb, G.E. Effect of velocity and mechanical history on the forces of motor units in the cat medial gastrocnemius muscle. J. Neurophysiol., 68:1503-1515, 1992.

Levine, W.S. and Loeb, G.E. Neural control of limb movement. IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 12:38-46, 1992.

Loeb, G.E. Past the equilibrium point. Behav. & Brain Sci., 15:774-775, 1992.

Richmond, F.J.R., Thomson, D.B. and Loeb, G.E. Electromyographic studies of neck muscles in the intact cat: I. Patterns of recruitment underlying posture and movement during natural behaviors. Exp. Brain Res., 88:41-58, 1992.

Richmond F.J.R. and Loeb, G.E. Electromyographic studies of neck muscles in the intact cat: II. Reflexes evoked by muscle-nerve stimulation. Exp. Brain Res., 88:59-66, 1992.

Scott, S.H., Thomson, D.B., Richmond, F.J.R. and Loeb, G.E. Neuromuscular organization of feline anterior sartorius: II. Intramuscular length changes and complex length-tension relationships during stimulation of individual nerve branches. J. Morph., 213:171-183, 1992.

Young, R.P., Scott, S.H. and Loeb, G.E. An intrinsic mechanism to stabilize posture - joint-angle-dependent moment arms of the feline ankle muscles. Neurosci. Lett., 145:137-140, 1992.

Chanaud, C.M., Pratt, C.A. and Loeb, G.E. Functionally complex muscles of the cat hindlimb. II. Mechanical and architectural heterogeneity within the biceps femoris. Experimental Brain Research, 85:257-270, 1991.

Chanaud, C.M., Pratt, C.A. and Loeb, G.E. Functionally complex muscles of the cat hindlimb. V. The roles of histochemical fiber-type regionalization and mechanical heterogeneity in differential muscle activation. Experimental Brain Research, 85:300-313, 1991.

DeFoa, J.L. and Loeb, G.E. Issues in cochlear prosthetics: An International survey of opinions. Inter. J. Tech. Assessment in Health Care, 7:403-410, 1991.

Engstrom, C.M., Loeb, G.E., Reid, J.G., Forrest, W.J. and Avruch, L. Morphometry of the human thigh muscles. A comparison between anatomic sections and computer tomographic and magnetic resonance images. J. Anat., 176:139-156, 1991.

Gordon, D.C., Loeb, G.E. and Richmond, F.J.R. Distribution of motoneurons supplying cat sartorius and tensor fasciae latae, demonstrated by retrograde multiple-labelling methods. J. Comp. Neurol., 304:357-373, 1991.

He, Jiping, Levine, W.S. and Loeb, G.E. Feedback gains for correcting small perturbations to standing posture. IEEE Trans on Automatic Control, 36:322-332, 1991.

Loeb, G.E., Zamin, C.J., Schulman, J.H. and Troyk, P.R. Injectable microstimulator for functional electrical stimulation. Med. & Biol. Engng. and Comput., 29:NS13-NS19, 1991.

Pratt, C.A., and Loeb, G.E. Functionally complex muscles of the cat hindlimb. I. Patterns of activation across sartorius. Experimental Brain Research, 85:243-256, 1991.

Pratt, C.A., Chanaud, C.M. and Loeb, G.E. Functionally complex muscles of the cat hindlimb. IV. Intramuscular distribution of movement command signals and cutaneous reflexes in broad bifunctional thigh muscles. Experimental Brain Research, 85:281-299, 1991.

Bak, M., Girvin, J.P., Hambrecht, F.T., Kufta, C.V., Loeb, G.E. and Schmidt, E.M. Visual sensations produced by intracortical microstimulation of the human occipital cortex. Med. & Biol. Engng and Comput., 28:257-259, 1990.

Duenas, S.H., Loeb, G.E. and Marks, W.B. Monosynaptic and dorsal root reflexes during locomotion in normal and thalamic cats. J. Neurophysiol., 63:1467-1476, 1990.

Loeb, G.E. Cochlear Prosthetics. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 13:357-71, 1990.

Loeb, G.E., Levine, W.S. and He, J. Understanding sensorimotor feedback through optimal control. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 55: 791-803, 1990.

Gans, C., Loeb, G.E. and de Vree, F. Architecture and consequent physiological properties of the semitendinosus muscle in domestic goats. J. Morphology, 199:287-297, 1989.

Krarup, C., Loeb, G.E. and Pezeshkpour, G.H. Conduction studies in peripheral cat nerve using implanted electrodes: III. The effects of prolonged constriction on the distal nerve segment. Muscle and Nerve, 12:915-928, 1989.

Loeb, G.E. Neural control of locomotion. BioScience, 39(11):800-804, 1989.

Loeb, G.E. and Richmond, F.J.R. Motor partitioning: Epiphenomena masquerading as control theory. Behav. & Brain Sci., 12:660-661, 1989.

Loeb, G.E., He, Jiping and Levine, W.S. Spinal cord circuits: Are they mirrors of musculoskeletal mechanics? J. Motor Behavior, 21:473- 491, 1989.

Loeb, G.E. Strategies for the control of studies of voluntary movement with one degree of freedom. Behav. & Brain Sci. , 12:227, 1989.

Krarup, C. and Loeb, G.E. Conduction studies in peripheral cat nerve using implanted electrodes: I. Methods and findings in controls. Muscle & Nerve, 11:922-932, 1988.

Krarup, C., Loeb, G.E., and Pezeshkpour, G.H. Conduction studies in peripheral cat nerve using implanted electrodes: II. The effects of prolonged constriction on regeneration of crushed nerve fibers. Muscle & Nerve, 11:933-944, 1988.

Chanaud, C.M., Pratt, C.A. and Loeb, G.E. A multiple-contact EMG recording array for mapping single muscle unit territories. J. Neurosci. Meth., 21:105-112, 1987.

Hoffer, J.A., Loeb, G.E., Marks, W.B., O'Donovan, M.J., Pratt, C.A. and Sugano, N. Cat hindlimb motoneurons during locomotion: I. Destination, axonal conduction velocity, and recruitment threshold. J. Neurophysiol., 57:510-529, 1987.

Hoffer, J.A., Sugano, N., Loeb, G.E., Marks, W.B., O'Donovan, M.J. and Pratt, C.A. Cat hindlimb motoneurons during locomotion: II. Normal activity patterns. J. Neurophysiol., 57:530-553, 1987.

Hoffer, J.A., Loeb, G.E., Sugano, N., Marks, W.B., O'Donovan, M.J. and Pratt, C.A. Cat hindlimb motoneurons during locomotion: III. Functional segregation in sartorius. J. Neurophysiol., 57:554-562, 1987.

Loeb, G.E., Hoffer, J.A., Sugano, N., Marks, W.B., O'Donovan, M.J. and Pratt, C.A. Activity patterns of identified alpha motoneurons to cat anterior thigh muscles during normal walking and flexor reflexes. In: Motor Control (Eds.) G.N. Gantchev, B. Dimitrov and P. Gatev, Plenum, New York, 1987, pp. 159-164.

Loeb, G.E. Auditory Prosthesis. In: Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, G. Adelman, Ed., Birkhauser Boston, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., 1987, pp. 88-89.

Loeb, G.E., Marks, W.B. and Hoffer, J.A. Cat hindlimb motoneurons during locomotion: IV. Participation in cutaneous reflexes. J. Neurophysiol., 57:563-573, 1987.

Loeb, G.E., Yee, W.J., Pratt, C.A., Chanaud, C.M. and Richmond, F.J.R. Cross-correlation of EMG reveals widespread synchronization of motor units during some slow movements in intact cats. J. Neurosci. Meth., 21:239-249, 1987.

Loeb, G.E., Pratt, C.A., Chanaud, C.M. and Richmond, F.J.R. Distribution and innervation of short, interdigitated muscle fibers in parallel-fibered muscles of the cat hindlimb. J. Morph., 191:1-15, 1987.

Loeb, G.E. Motor Control. In: Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, G. Adelman, Ed., Birkhauser Boston, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., 1987, pp. 690-692.

Loeb, G.E. Restoring motor function through electrical stimulation. MS Quart. Rep., 6:47-50, 1987.

Howell, J.N., Binder, M.D., Nichols, T.R. and Loeb, G.E. Muscle spindles golgi tendon organs and the neural control of skeletal muscle. J. Am. Osteopathic Assoc., 86:599-602, 1986.

Loeb, G.E. Neural control and prosthetics: Interfaces with the nervous system. Keynote address, J. Am. Osteopathic Assoc., 86:594-5, 1986.

Loeb, G.E. Spinal programs for locomotion. Prog. Brain Res., 64:273-287, 1986.

Abraham, L.D. and Loeb, G.E. The distal hindlimb musculature of the cat: Patterns of normal use. Exp. Brain Res., 58:580-593, 1985.

Abraham, L.D., Marks, W.B. and Loeb, G.E. The distal hindlimb musculature of the cat: Cutaneous reflexes during locomotion. Exp. Brain Res., 58:594-603, 1985.

Loeb, G.E., Hoffer, J.A. and Pratt, C.A. Activity of spindle afferents from cat anterior thigh muscles. I. Identification and patterns during normal locomotion. J. Neurophysiol., 54:549-564, 1985.

Loeb, G.E. and Hoffer, J.A. The activity of spindle afferents from cat anterior thigh muscles. II. Effects of fusimotor blockade. J. Neurophysiol., 54:565-577, 1985.

Loeb, G.E., Hoffer, J.A. and Marks, W.B. Activity of spindle afferents from cat anterior thigh muscles. III. Effects of external stimuli. J. Neurophysiol., 54:578-591, 1985.

Loeb, G.E. The functional replacement of the ear. Scientific American, 252:104-111, 1985.

Loeb, G.E. Motoneurone task groups: coping with kinematic heterogeneity. J. Exp. Biol., 115:137-146, 1985.

Loeb, G.E. and Marks, W.B. Optimal control principles for sensory transducers. In: Proc. Internat. Sympos.: The Muscle Spindle. (Eds.) I.A. Boyd and M.H. Gladden. MacMillan Ltd., London, 1985, pp. 409-415.

Loeb, G.E. Single and multichannel cochlear prostheses: Rationale, strategies, and potential. In: Cochlear Implants, (Ed.) R.A. Schindler and M.M. Merzenich, Raven Press, New York, 1985, pp. 17-28.

Loeb, G.E.  The Control of Responses of Mammalian Muscle Spindles During Normally Executed Motor Tasks.  Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 12:157-204, 1984. 

Rindos, A.J., Loeb, G.E. and Levitan, H. Conduction velocity changes along lumbar primary afferents in cats. Exp. Neurol., 86:208-226, 1984.

Hoffer, J.A. and Loeb, G.E. A technique for reversible fusimotor blockade during chronic recording from spindle afferents in walking cats. Exp. Brain Res. Suppl., 7:272-279, 1983.

Loeb, G.E., White, M.W. and Jenkins, W.M. Biophysical considerations in electrical stimulation of the auditory nervous system. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 405:123-136, 1983.

Loeb, G.E., Byers, C.L., Rebscher, S.J., Casey, D.E., Fong, M.M., Schindler, R.A., Gray, R.F. and Merzenich, M.M. Design and fabrication of an experimental cochlear prosthesis. Med. & Biol. Engng. & Comput., 21:241-254, 1983.

Loeb, G.E. Finding common ground between robotics and physiology. Trends Neurosci., 6:203-204, 1983.

Loeb, G.E., White, M.W. and Merzenich, M.M. Spatial cross-correlation: A proposed mechanism for acoustic pitch perception. Biol. Cybernetics, 47:149-163, 1983.

O'Donovan, M.J., Hoffer, J.A. and Loeb, G.E. Physiological characterization of motor unit properties in intact cats. J. Neurosci. Meth., 7:137-149, 1983.

Loeb, G.E., McHardy, J., Kelliher, E.M. and Brummer S.B. Neural Prosthesis. In: Biocompatibility in Clinical Practice, Vol. II. (Ed.) D.F. Williams, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 1982, pp. 123-149.

Hoffer, J.A., O'Donovan, M.J., Pratt, C.A. and Loeb, G.E. Discharge patterns in hindlimb motoneurons during normal cat locomotion. Science, 213:466-468, 1981.

Loeb, G.E. Intentional non-consonant tuning. Piano Technicians Journal, 24:#8:17-19, 1981.

Loeb, G.E. and Hoffer, J.A. Muscle spindle function during normal and perturbed locomotion in cats. In: Muscle Receptors and Movement, (Ed.) A. Taylor and A. Prochazka, MacMillan, London, 1981, pp 219-228.

Loeb, G.E. Somatosensory unit input to the spinal cord during normal walking. Can. J. Physiol & Pharm., 59:627-635, 1981.

Hoffer, J.A., Loeb, G.E. and Pratt, C.A. Single unit conduction velocities from averaged nerve cuff electrode records in freely moving cats. J. Neurosci., Meth. 4:211-225, 1981.

Chapin, J.K., Loeb, G.E. and Woodward, D.J. A simple technique for determination of footfall patterns of animals during treadmill locomotion. J. Neurosci. Meth., 2:97-102, 1980.

Duysens, J., Loeb, G.E. and Weston, B.J. Crossed flexor reflex responses and their reversal in freely walking cats. Brain Res., 197:538-542, 1980.

Duysens, J. and Loeb, G.E. Modulation of ipsi- and contralateral reflex responses in unrestrained walking cats. J. Neurophysiol., 44:1024-1037, 1980.

Hoffer, J.A. and Loeb, G.E. Implantable electrical and mechanical interfaces with nerve and muscle. Ann. Biomed. Eng., 8:351-360, 1980.

Loeb, G.E. and Marks, W.B. Epistemology and heuristics in neural network research. Behav. & Brain Sci., 3:556-557, 1980.

Bak, M.J. and Loeb, G.E. A pulsed integrator for EMG analysis. Electroenceph. & Clin. Neurophysiol., 47:738-741, 1979.

Loeb, G.E. and Duysens, J. Activity patterns in individual hindlimb primary and secondary muscle spindle afferents during normal movements in unrestrained cats. J. Neurophysiol., 42:420-440, 1979.

Loeb, G.E., Marks, W.B. and Beatty, P.G. Analysis and microelectronic design of tubular electrode arrays for chronic, multiple single unit recording from captured nerve fibers. Med. & Biol. Eng. & Comput., 15:195-201, 1977.

Loeb, G.E., Walker, A.E., Uematsu, S. and Konigsmark, B.W. Histological reaction to various conductive and dielectric films chronically implanted in the subdural space. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 11:195-210, 1977.

Loeb, G.E., Bak, M.J. and Duysens, J. Long-term unit recording from somatosensory neurons in the spinal ganglia of the freely walking cat. Science, 197:1192-1194, 1977.

Loeb, G.E., Bak, M.J., Salcman, M. and Schmidt, E.M. Parylene as a chronically stable, reproducible microelectrode insulator. IEEE-BME, 24:121-128, 1977.

Loeb, G.E. Decreased conduction velocity in the proximal projections of myelinated dorsal root ganglion cells in the cat. Brain Res., 103:381-385, 1976.

Loeb, G.E. Ventral root projections of myelinated dorsal root ganglion cells in the cat. Brain Res., 106:159-165, 1976.

Marks, W.B. and Loeb, G.E. Action currents, internodal potentials, and extracellular records of myelinated mammalian nerve fibers derived from node potentials. Biophys. J., 16:655-668, 1976.

Thomas, C.A., Jr., Springer, P.A., Loeb, G.E., Berwald-Netter, Y. and Okun, L.M. A miniature microelectrode array to monitor the bioelectric activity of cultured cells. Exp. Cell Res., 74:61-66, 1972.